Gardening and traditional agriculture as a form of resistance has been seen far beyond Appalachia ways of speaking about opposition change; connections can be drawn between the rural Andes and the Puerto Rican décima (Gross, 2008; Limeberry, 2014). The décima helps to look at how communities can be brought together by notions of agriculture/agricultural pasts and acts of resistance will help to strengthen the examination of how opposition and resistance are important in gardening and small-scale farming (Gross, 2008). Such traditions are different than those seen in Appalachia but both speak to the power of agricultural traditions to act as resistance to colonial forces.
In looking at the connection between Appalachian traditions compared to those of the rural Andes it is important to consider that Peru suffers incredible poverty and hunger, like many developing nations (Limeberry, 2014, p. 51). "One of the most devastating consequences of this is that as of 2011 38% of Peru’s population does not achieve minimum sufficient calorie intake on a daily basis; in rural areas this number is much higher, with approximately 80% of children in the rural Andean highlands in a state of malnourishment" (Limeberry, 2014, p. 52). The indigenous farmers have been able to use their knowledge to work with Peru's government to reintroduce diverse potato crops as a form of insurance against extreme climate change, which given the huge potential contribution of indigenous and local communities to sustainable development globally, further exploration is deemed necessary (Limeberry, 2014, p. 52). Such knowledge can be connected to that of gardeners in Appalachia who have been able to keep numerous plant varieties alive beyond what they would've been able to do naturally with the introduction of non-native species and highly productive cultivars.
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